What does Descartes think he discovers that is beyond any possible doubt, some truths that cannot be challenged -- even if so much that people had taken for granted as true in science, religion, and the whole culture had been seriously challenged and even rejected

“I exist”

Explanation:

In his attempt to prove the existence of God, Rene Descartes a French philosopher seeks to find a permanent validity for clear and unique perceptions, he then ultimately discovers that “I exist” to be impossible to doubt and is, therefore, completely valid.

Hence, in this case, the correct answer is the philosophical phrase "I EXIST" which withstands the philosophical test of logical doubt.

answer; ///he or she can either go to court or not. if he or she doesn't go, he or she must send a witness to stand for them, if he or she doesn't send a witness, he or she will be issued a bench warrant ,captured and forced to go to court; good luck

a. the moon was locked into orbit by the earths gravity as it was passing by and capture hypothesis i think