When a psychologist simply records the relationship between two variables without manipulating them, it is called a study. The observed relationship does not by itself reveal which variable the other. This is the problem. Also, the relationship may be due to acontrolling both of the observed variables.

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada

The correct answer is: their civil liberties have been protected, but their civil rights are less clear apex. hope this .