Which is the better distribution of patch size for howlers?

Answer and Explanation:

Patch size appears to be the main factor that compels populations in distributed habitats. Patch size is positively related to food availability and negatively related to organic evolutionary pressures, physiological stress, and parasite charge. Habitat fragmentation and disturbance on howlers depend upon identifying different threats that may affect howlers in fragmented landscapes; specification predictions developed in fragmentation and the empirical evidence also consider during predictions. Food patch size is measured by feeding spaces, S, a patch restricted for a given animal species. Structural, spatial criteria should determine the values of S. The size of the feeding aggregate is finite by the accessibility of space or by constraining behavior. S is limited by the density of food items within the patch, and may change, depending on the relative profitability of alternative patches which is available to the animal, a result deduced from simple optimal foraging theory.

as university of miami psychologists debra lieberman and adam smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal current directions in psychological science, humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. with very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. the primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. even the idea of sex with their mom or dad, bro or sis is upsetting to most people. the psychologist jonathan haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy).

the biological cost of incest

this raises an interesting question: just what’s so bad about incest? sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross — but why? some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. this explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees. second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.

why should mechanisms to avoid incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? the answer is simple. the problem with having sex close with relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect.

the invasive species was introduced due to commercial purpouses, as there was a demand for fur clothes and hence, a business opportunity connected to this product. actually, it was when the nutrias scaped, causing harm to the us ecosystems when they acquired the status of invasive species. in this case they have caused an environmental problem, but it could have affected also economic interests or even human health.