Intelligence tests are often used to predict a person's future ability to perform in a school setting. Alfred Binet's initial purpose for developing intelligence testing was to aid students in getting the remedial help they may have needed in elementary school. What is the measures of criterion for evaluating the predictive validity of intelligence testing?

Martha participates in a research study in order to receive extra credit for her psychology class. when she arrives in the research office she is given a can of what looks and tastes like beer, but which actually contains no alcohol. in the adjoining room martha's classmate karen is also participating in the study. karen receives a can of alcoholic beer. if the experiment was designed to test the effects of alcohol on concentration, then who is exposed to the independent variable?