Beginning in the late 1970s, one of Deng Xiaoping's major goals for the People's Republic of China was to

a is the answer because it just is

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

answer; having the power of reprieve means being able to release people from punishment;

answer; continuous;