Why do conflicts occur between Muslim nations in the middle east over religious issues?

Steven pinker states that an important difference exists between men and women in:

“obamacare”: included a provision for government-run health insurance called “the public option.” was bitterly opposed by congressional republicans because most favored a “single-payer” plan. survived two challenges to its constitutionality. was partially repealed in 2013 in order to avert a government shutdown. led to the expansion of medicaid in republican controlled states.

Which argument for religious reform might be convincing to a priest, pope, or king?