Professor Edwards is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students, he walks to the classroom door and closes it. His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Professor Edwards closes the classroom door. In the context of classical conditioning, closing the door has become a(n) .

In the context of classical conditioning, closing the door has become a(n) conditioned stimulus.

Explanation:

A conditioned stimulus, in classical conditioning, can be defined as a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus, beginning to trigger a response.

It is very likely that closing a door didn't mean much to students in general (neutral). However, it was paired with the announcement of a quiz. Announcing a quiz (unconditioned) triggers a response - students feel surprised, anxious, worried, etc. After pairing up both stimuli a few times, students learn to associate them. Now, closing the door is a conditioned stimulus. Even if the professor does not announce a quiz, students will feel anxious and worried just by watching him close the door.

i'll just take the points xd

the earth’s crust is broken into separate pieces called tectonic plates (fig. 7.14). recall that the crust is the solid, rocky, outer shell of the planet. it is composed of two distinctly different types of material: the less-dense continental crust and the more-dense oceanic crust. both types of crust rest atop solid, upper mantle material. the upper mantle, in turn, floats on a denser layer of lower mantle that is much like thick molten tar.

each tectonic plate is free-floating and can move independently. earthquakes and volcanoes are the direct result of the movement of tectonic plates at fault lines. the term fault is used to describe the boundary between tectonic plates. most of the earthquakes and volcanoes around the pacific ocean basin—a pattern known as the “ring of fire”—are due to the movement of tectonic plates in this region. other observable results of short-term plate movement include the gradual widening of the great rift lakes in eastern africa and the rising of the himalayan mountain range. the motion of plates can be described in four general patterns:

collision: when two continental plates are shoved together

subduction: when one plate plunges beneath another (fig. 7.15)

spreading: when two plates are pushed apart (fig. 7.15)

transform faulting: when two plates slide past each other (fig. 7.15)