Oil Shale and oil sands .a. are only a tiny fraction of the US and Canadian potential oil reservesb. have been too expensive to extract and use as energy resourcesc. deposits are concentrated in the Middle East. d. can be pumped from underground reservoirs like conventional crude oile. contain solid organic kerogens than can be mined and processed into petroleum

e. contain solid organic kerogens than can be mined and processed into petroleum

Explanation:

Oil shale is described geologically as an organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock that compose kerogen (a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds) from which liquid hydrocarbons can be produced,

While Oil sands often termed as Tar sands comprises of clay, sand, water and bitumen, which is a heavy hydrocarbon. The oil sands' bitumen can be upgraded to synthetic crude oil, through manufacturing processes.

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