Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a ticking metronome by repeatedly pairing the ticking metronome with food. In this example, the ticking metronome is the before conditioning and the aafter conditioning. *

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Explanation:

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, before conditioning takes place, a neutral stimulus does not really elicit a response other than serving to secure attention. The metronome, before conditioning, does not elicit salivation in dogs ordinary, except for focusing of attention. Food naturally elicits salivation in dog, and is referred to as an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioning takes place when the ticking metronome is paired with an unconditioned stimulus such as food, in order to produce the same response of salivation that food produces. After conditioning, the presentation of the ticking metronome will elicit salivation. After conditioning, we refer to the ticking metronome as a conditioned stimulus.

The ticking metronome is the neutral stimulus before conditioning, and the conditioned stimulus after conditioning.

marginal cost is a microeconomic measure that us to evaluate the extent to which the level of production of a good is sustainable in accounting, that is, to how many quantities the company plans to profit from the production of the good.

the concept of marginal cost is simple, it means the cost of producing one more item. for example, in the case of pies, the marginal cost is the cost of producing one more pie than those that have already been produced.

it is important to understand that productive activity influences marginal cost. the marginal cost of some goods can be very high, while others may be insignificant. for example, the marginal cost of producing an extra plane is very high. already the marginal cost of a water company to provide 1l more water is derisory.

in the case of pies, the cost involves the inputs, the labor and the fixed cost, which involves the fixed space of the bakery. the level of production initially has the marginal cost decreasing because there is space and manpower available. however, to produce more you have to hire more workers and buy more inputs. if physical space is limited, workers will conflict with places, inputs and their productivity will decrease, meaning there is an optimum point of production for each level of space and manpower. from this point on, the productivity of the workers will be getting smaller because of lack of space, so that the marginal cost of producing one more pie will be increasing. so, although you have not posted the chart, but if you have the answer, you can see that my explanation goes according to the marginal cost curve that will increase from the 4th pie, answer (c).