An educational psychologist wanted to know if second grade students were more accurate at solving math problems when the teacher presented the problem in a nonverbal picture form compared to a verbal story form. Students were randomly assigned to conditions and the results revealed more correct answers in the nonverbal condition. What type of manipulation did the researcher use?

Edwin meese, former attorney general, from a speech delivered in 1985 (excerpted): “those who framed the constitution chose their words carefully; they debated at great length the most minute points. the language they chose meant something. it is incumbent upon the court to determine what that meaning was… “it is our belief that only ‘the sense in which the constitution was accepted and ratified by the nation,’ and only the sense in which laws were drafted and passed provide a solid foundation for adjudication. any other standard suffers the defect of pouring new meaning into old words, thus creating new powers and new rights totally at odds with the logic of our constitution and its commitment to the rule of law.” based on this quote, would you label meese as being a loose constructionist or an originalist? why? explain your reasoning in complete sentences and in your own words.