Fugi watches her older sister getting yelled at after she throws an apple across the kitchen. Fugi is now less likely to throw an apple across the kitchen herself. This kind of learning through observation would be best described as:.
a. time-out.
b. direct instruction.
c. counterimitation.
d. a negative reinforcement trap.

Pj conducts an experimental study on the effects of soft music during high stakes science testing. he randomly assigns students at the school. in one condition he does not provide music for testing while in the other group he does provide the music. he administers a pretest at the beginning of the year and a posttest at the end of the year. pj’s design is best described as a: a.static group comparisonb. pretest-posttest control group designc.control-group-time-series designd. nonrandomized control-group pretest-posttest design