Dr. Alvarez from the University of Puerto Rico provides Julio with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something Dr. Alvarez likes. The doctor then punishes him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something Dr. Alvarez does not like. She is applying the principles of in an attempt to modify Julio's behavior.

Opera-nt conditioning

Explanation:

Opera-nt conditioning was proposed by B.F Skinner. This is the phenomenon that works on the reward and punishment for desired behavior. These phenomena make an association between the particular behavior and its consequences.

Skinner was the father of opera--nt conditioning but his work was influenced by the work of Thorndik-e law of effect. Skinner adds one law in his principle which is called reinforcement. According to this law, the behavior that is repeated is reinforced by some reward. Dr. Alveraz here used the opera-nt conditioning to modify the behavior of Julio

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a.. a conflict between her competing identities.. apex