Professor Swanson developed an index of marital happiness. Several items in Swanson's questionnaire were not part of the index (i. e., "How many serious quarrels or arguments have you had with your spouse in the last year?" "If you had your life to live over, do you think you would marry the same person?"). Swanson compared the index score of marital happiness with these questions.

Swanson was doing:

a. index validation.
b. item analysis.
c. external validation.
d. index validation and item analysis.
e. index validation and external validation.

Index validation and external validation

Explanation:

External validation is like when a person feels self-pride and improvement when other people appreciate his/her work performances, thought In something they need to show that they are good enough in something.

Index validation is a scientific quality of the research. It implies the quality of the management in the European countries.

Thus professor Swanson compared the index score of the marital happiness and the index validation with the external validation.

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