An astronomer observes a nearby Cepheid at a distance of 1000 light-years and a Cepheid in M31. The two Cepheids have the same pulsation period. The nearby Cepheid appears 4 million times brighter than the Cepheid in M31. What is the distance of the Cepheid in M31

As bob is driving on an exit off the freeway, he comes to a stop light and sees a homeless man asking people for spare change. “see, he’s a perfect example of why we shouldn’t be giving welfare benefits to the homeless,” bob mutters to his wife. “he’s too lazy to get a job, but he’s healthy enough to beg people for their hard-earned money all day long.” what are the sample and the target in bob’s argument? are there any inductive fallacies present in bob’s reasoning (bias, hastiness, appeal to anecdotal evidence, self-selection)? if so, explain why. if not, explain why not.