University researchers create a positive externality because what they discover in their research labs can easily be learned by others who haven't contributed to the research costs. What could the federal government do to equate the equilibrium quantity of university research and the socially optimal quantity of university research produced?

Having spent much in getting sophisticated equipment and gadgets used in these researches by the university administration, the outcome of these researches should be encrypted against public consumption, and if eventually anyone out of the shore of the bodies that contributed in finance and human resources wise is in need of these, he should do the needful by subscribing through making a mandated payment of an actual amount in order to have access to the information.

answer; the correct answer to the above statement is to increase the production of milk in a herd of milk cows, the highest producing cows were chosen as the mother;

answer: intercourse

hope this