The US government relies upon checks and balances of power to prevent a concentration of power and abuse. What would be an example of one arm of government trying to keep another arm of the government from affecting good governance by its abuse of power?

a. The judiciary branch trying to hold a congressperson accountable if they overstep their role by meeting foreign leaders in an official diplomatic capacity to reverse US foreign policy.
b. Impeaching a President because he had consensual sexual relations with a White house intern, although it only affected the intern not public policy.
c. President firing the HHS secretary because he mistakenly told the public that influenza this year did not require vaccination.
d. The House stopping every Senate initiated bill because the House does not think the Senate's bills reflect their own perspectives.

a. The judiciary branch trying to hold a congressperson accountable if they overstep their role by meeting foreign leaders in an official diplomatic capacity to reverse US foreign policy.

Explanation: One important principle embodied in the U.S. Constitution is separation of powers.

If there are checks and balances, the branches of government can limit the powers of the others and no one branch will become too powerful over other branches. Checks and balances makes sure that the power is balanced between the branches of government.

The Executive Branch of government checks on Legislative by having the capability to veto bills. By rejection of appointments, the legislative Branch of government can put checks on the executive Branch. The legislative branch checks on Judicial by having the capacity to impeach the Supreme Court Justices.

Judicial Branch of government is the most powerful of all the branches. The Judicial Branch has the power to declare the acts of the congress and the executive branch of government un-constitutional.

Overstepping boundaries is unconstitutional in the US branches of government.

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.

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