Jack, a seven-year-old, did not eat his lunch at school. He knew that his mother will be angry if he did not explain why he did not eat his lunch. However, Jack believed that his mother will understand if he told her that the food was stale. According to Robert Selman, this scenario illustrates .

level 1 of perspective-taking skills in childhood

Explanation:

Perspective-taking is the potential to see beyond one's own point of view so that one can understand how others may think or feel about something. There are five stages of perspective-taking as described by psychologist Robert Selman. The first level among them is undifferentiated perspective-taking, which can be observed among the children. Children know that self and others may have separate thoughts and emotions, but they still compare the two. As per the question, Jack demonstrate level 1 of perspective-taking skills.

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explanation:

q1: artillery

q2: simon bolivar

q3:   their workers and farmers demanded a return to spanish rule.

q4: drafted new constitutions

q5: oligarchies have replaced monarchies