Define organizational behavior (referred to as Ob throughout the text). 2. Show the value of systematic study to OB. 3. Identify the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB. 4. Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB. 5. Identify managers’ challenges and opportunities in applying OB concepts. 6. Compare the three levels of analysis in this text’s OB model.

Organizational behavior (referred to as Ob throughout the text). 2. Show the value of systematic study to OB. 3. Identify the major behavioral science disciplines that contribute to OB. 4. Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB. 5. Identify managers’ challenges and opportunities in applying OB concepts. 6. Compare the three levels of analysis in this text’s OB model is given below

Explanation:

1.Organizational behavior (OB) is the academic study of the ways people act within groups. Its principles are applied primarily in attempts to make businesses operate more effectively.Organizational behavior is the study of both group and individual performance and activity within an organization. This area of study examines human behavior in a work environment and determines its impact on job structure, performance, communication, motivation, leadership, etc.

2.OB uses systematic study to improve predictions of behavior. OB recognizes and helps managers to improve their people skills and to see the value of workforce diversity and practices. It also seeks to improve organizations and help managers cope with the many changes faced in today's workplace.

3.The major behavioral science disciplines that contributed to the development of organizational behavior are psychology, sociology, anthropology, management and medicine. All of these disciplines helped shape organizational behavior's theories on learning, motivation, leadership and productivity.

4.There are Few Absolutes in OB. Laws in the physical sciences—chemistry, astronomy, physics—are consistent and apply in a wide range of situations. They allow scientists to generalize about the pull of gravity or to be confident about sending astronauts into space to repair satellites.

5.Main challenges and opportunities of organizational behavior are;

6.Individual, group, organization. The three basic levels are analogous to building blocks—each level is constructed upon the previous level.

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL OF ANALYSIS At the individual level of analysis, organizational behaviour involves the study of learning, task, perception, creativity, motivation, personality, turnover, performance, cooperative behaviour, deviant behaviour, ethics, and cognition. At this level of analysis, organizational behaviour draws heavily upon psychology, engineering, and medicine.

7. GROUP LEVEL OF ANALYSIS At the group level of analysis, organizational behaviour involves the study of group dynamics, intra- and intergroup conflict and cohesion, leadership, power, norms, interpersonal communication, networks, and roles. At this level of analysis, organizational behaviour draws upon the sociological and socio-psychological sciences.

8. ORGANIZATION LEVEL OF ANALYSIS At the organization level of analysis, organizational behaviour involves the study of topics such as organizational culture, organizational structure, cultural diversity, inter-organizational cooperation and conflict, change, technology, and external environmental forces. At this level of analysis, organizational behavior draws upon anthropology and political science.

answer; (b) capitalism;

freeborn women in ancient rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by roman historians. but while roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations. exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history range from lucretia and claudia quinta, whose stories took on mythic significance; fierce republican-era women such as cornelia, mother of the gracchi, and fulvia, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the julio-claudian dynasty, most prominently livia (58 bc-ad 29), who contributed to the formation of imperial mores; and the empress helena (c.250–330 ad), a driving force in promoting christianity.

women in the ancient greek world had few rights in comparison to male citizens. unable to vote, own land, or inherit, a woman’s place was in the home and her purpose in life was the rearing of children. this, though, is a general description, and when considering the role of women in ancient greece one should remember that information regarding specific city-states is often lacking, is almost always from male authors, and only in athens can their status and role be described in any great detail. neither are we sure of the practical and everyday application of the rules and laws that have survived from antiquity. we do know that spartan women were treated somewhat differently than in other states. for example, they had to do physical training like men, were permitted to own land, and could drink wine.