In an experiment, teachers' judgments are used to measure the amount of misbehavior among students. The teachers are more likely to judge a given behavior as misbehavior at the posttest than they are at the pretest. This example most clearly illustrates which threat to the internal validity of the experiment?

It illustrates INSTRUMENTATION as a threat to the internal validity of the experiment.

the arab empire adopted the muslim religion as their main belief. arabs would influence the people from the territories they invaded towards islam (the muslim belief).

nevertheless, throughout the history of the arab empire, rulers brought intellectual individuals from other religions to their centers of learning. these other foreigners included jews, christians, greeks, persians, and indians.   these resulted in the adoption of important knowledge developed by these cultures by the arabic empire. for example, the works of aristotle were translated from greek to arab and indian scientists brought the numerical concept of "zero" to the arabs.

nowadays, 93% of the arab population is muslim, which at the same time is subdivided in sects including the sunni, zaini, alawi, shia. the remaining 7% is composed mainly of christians.

a would be the answer