In expectancy theory, valence is the perception that high levels of effort will lead to outcomes of interest like performance.

a. the perception that performance is related to subsequent outcomes such as rewards.
b. the anticipated satisfaction that will result from an outcome.
c. the degree to which people are treated with respect, kindness, and dignity.

Amendment was the first government definition of a citizen. answer = fourteenth amendment

Dominic and stacy each have a stamp collection. dominic has six fewer stamps than three times the number of stamps stacy has. dominic and stacy decide to give all of their stamps to their younger sister, mary. if stacy had s stamps, which expression represents the number of stamps that mary received? a. (3s − 18)(3s − 6) b. 2s − 18 c. 4s − 6 d. 4s − 18

It is widely assumed that people need to engage in intellectual activities such as solving crossword puzzles or mathematics problems in order to maintain mental sharpness as they age. in fact, however, simply talking to other people—that is, participating in social interaction, which engages many mental and perceptual skills—suffices. evidence to this effect comes from a study showing that the more social contact people report, the better their mental skills. which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the evidence cited? (a) as people grow older, they are often advised to keep exercising their physical and mental capacities in order to maintain or improve them. (b) many medical conditions and treatments that adversely affect a person's mental sharpness also tend to increase that person's social isolation. (c) many people are proficient both in social interactions and in solving mathematical problems. (d) the study did not itself collect data but analyzed data bearing on the issue from prior studies. (e) the tasks evaluating mental sharpness for which data were compiled by the study were more akin to mathematics problems than to conversation.