Brent is taking part in an experiment in a cognitive neuroscience lab on campus. Silently, he reads rapid sequences of words flashed on a computer screen. The electrical activity of his brain is simultaneously recorded through skull electrodes. The brain-scanning technique used in this study is .

Martin, a 32-year-old human relations administrator at a university, believes that all professors over age 50 are incapable of learning the new educational technologies and are content to keep presenting their same "tired, boring" lectures. he often expresses these views to other administrators and does not encourage any of the "older" faculty members to attend professional development meetings related to new teaching approaches nor does he suggest that the university send them to any of the technology conferences. martin is exhibiting