Assessments where students' learning is compared with clearly defined criteria or standards rather than the performance of other students are referred to as .

Criterion-referenced assessments

Explanation:

Criterion-referenced assessment is a kind of assessment where asseement scores are used to generate statement about the behavior that can be gotten from a person. They are designed to measure how students will perform against learning standards. What students ought to know and carry out at a specific stage of their academic life.

answer; occurs if the conflict is recognized logically and intellectualized;