A. The immediate comprehension that something is the case, seemingly without the use of any reasoning process or conscious analysis b. A descriptive approach, recognizing that people do not always make decisions with logic and rationality, that outlines how managers actually do make decisions c. A phenomenon occurring when cohesive "in-groups" let the desire for unanimity, or consensus, override sound judgment in generating and evaluating alternative courses of action d. The difference between a desired situation and the actual situation