Criminologist Cathy Widom hypothesized that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes the survivor to becoming violent themselves in later years. Her hypothesis commonly is called

THE CYCLE OF VIOLENCE

Explanation:

Criminologist Cathy Widom hypothesized the cycle of violence which generally means repeated pattern of violence in relationship. Such violence moves and repeated in pattern during relationship. He believed the childhood history of physical abuse predisposes the survivor to becoming violent themselves in later years. there is  different phases of this in first phase survivor make tension building phase than move to severe situation called crisis phase and lastly when he feel ashamed for his act he apologize and promise not to do it again but after some time this pattern repeat.

d - failures.

the only attempted british colony in north america before 1600 was roanoke, virginia, which was a total failure. england claimed several areas, including newfoundland, but made no sustainable attempts to colonize them before 1600.