Because between-subjects experiments use a different group of participants for each treatment condition, one concern is that the participants in one treatment are noticeably different—for example, older, faster, or smarter—from the participants in another treatment. In the Katona experiment, how can the researcher be reasonably confident that the students in the understanding group were not considerably smarter than the students in the memorization group and that the difference in performance isn't simply caused by intelligence? The two groups were roughly equivalent when assigned to the two treatments. The same individuals participated in both treatment conditions.

Which of these is the best example of a cause-and-effect chain of events? 1. alonzo went to the music festival. 2. carmen went to the same music festival. 3. alonzo met carmen at the music festival. 1. yosef bought a new car from a dealership. 2. bailey bought a car from the same dealership. 3. bailey paid more for his car than yosef did. 1. the high school football team played a game on friday night. 2. the drama club put on a play on friday night. 3. maya watched the football game instead of the play. 1. a fast food restaurant ran an advertisement on television. 2. hank saw the advertisement and got hungry. 3. hank went to the fast food restaurant and bought food.