Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a conditioned reinforcer?1. Money2. Grade3. Praise4. Food

4. Food

Explanation:Conditioned or Secondary reinforcer is anything that is paired with a primary reinforcer(e.g food) in a way that associates the conditioned reinforcer with the impact of the primary reinforcer. Examples are praise, grades and money.

"choosing is refusing" means individuals face an opportunity cost with each decision they make. economists state that every decision involves trade-offs. opportunity cost is the least desirable alternative given up as a result of a decision.

answer; i believe the answer is (b) fascism;