Self-efficacy, as it relates to goals, is the extent to which an individual a. is willing to expend effort in order to attain a goal. b. is personally interested in reaching a goal. c. believes he or she can accomplish goals even if he or she failed to do so in the past. d. accepts a goal as his or her own. e. believes that a goal is worthwhile.

C. believes he or she can accomplish goals even if he or she failed to do so in the past.

Explanation: Self-efficacy was first established by Albert Bandura, is the believe that one has that he or she can accomplish a goal even if he or she has failed to do that in the past. Albert Bandura established four sources of Self-efficacy which includes

(1) Mastery experiences(experience gained after continuous efforts).

(2) Vicarious experiences(experience obtained by observing what others are doing and feeling the way they feel about a certain action or Activity).

Verbal Persuasions(self-efficacy gotten through the verbal comments or Persuasions of others)

Emotional and physiological states(when one believes he or she can accomplish a task through the emotional experience and physiology).

ne pare rău, dar când mi-am căutat întrebarea, doar avioanele au apărut .. deci, ar putea fi răspunsul, sau ar putea fi baloane cu aer cald, deoarece acestea pot conta și ca ambarcațiunile de aer, dar nu sunt complet sigur de asta. a fost doar o presupunere, sper că am ajutat, îmi pare rău dacă nu am făcut-o. de asemenea, folosesc traducerea google, pentru a traduce ceea ce spun în engleză, așa că îmi pare rău dacă gramatica sau chiar limba nu este corectă

clearcutting reproduces a new even-aged stand by completely removing the mature stand.

clearcutting as a silvicultural treatment has several characteristics:

it causes a sudden environmental change

it removes the seed source from the regeneration area

the configuration of the clearcut may affect seed dispersal

it begins a new rotation

it will eliminate some pests that require forest cover

overall, it temporarily removes the forest cover, transforming the forest community and environment.

clearcutting followed by artificial (seeded or planted) regeneration has several advantages:

we can avoid delay in restocking the site

we can introduce a selected species, seed source, and genotype

we can control arrangement and spacing

we can achieve uniformity in the new stand

we can overcome the problems associated with securing sufficient natural regeneration.

the shelterwood method involves the removal of most of the mature stand at the end of the rotation, but a portion of the mature stand is left standing.   the shelterwood method serves three basic purposes:

to prepare the stand for production of abundant seed

to modify the environment in a way that promotes germination and survival of the selected species

to build up the amount and size of advance regeneration to ensure the prompt restocking of the new stand following overstory removal.

the shelterwood method involves a sequence of 3 cuttings:

preparatory cuttings: make the seed trees more vigorous and set the stage for regeneration. see our thinning page for more information.

establishment/seed cuttings: open up enough vacant growing space to allow establishment of the new regeneration.

removal cuttings: uncover the new crop to allow it to fill the growing space.

the residual trees in the shelterwood must:

be sturdy and windfirm

be able to survive exposure

flower and reproduce seed

be the best trees of the mature stand

keep in mind that the shelter trees must not occupy the entire site.   a void must be created in order to make room for the new regeneration. the amount of shelter to leave will depend on the following factors:

species characteristics (seeding and shelter requirements)

the number of cuttings in the cutting sequence (1, 2, or 3)

landowner objectives

the size of the area to be regenerated

the final removal harvest level required to be profitable

the shelter must be removed before it impedes the growth of the new stand or threatens its survival.