Leaders can be appointed or elected. What criteria are used to make a selection in either case?

ratification by higher authority or election of where majority carries the vote respectively.

Explanation:

Appointments precedes nomination- here you look at for potential candidate; this is done usually by some one in power and according to the balance of power associated with the state; such nominees might need to be ratified [ confirmed by screening] by the legislators[ the law makers] in order for the appointment to take place.

In the case of been elected; an electioneering process- a means where people can cast their votes for candidates of their choice; is usually ensued. Picking this candidate could come from nomination or by indication of interest in vying for the position in question - this most times requires a financial obligation for indication of interest.

i believe the answer is:   psychological  experiment

in this experiment, wilhelm wundt became the first person that implement scientific method in analyzing the pyschological phenomenon.

due to this result, wilhelm wundt also able to make psychology to be acknowledged as a separate scientific field from biology.

all people shall have equal rights upon birth and ever after. (when referring to the rights of man the declaration of the rights of man only applied to landowning men who were 25 years or older and paid taxes equal to 3 days worth of work and were not servants.

explanation: hope this