Sometimes it is not feasible to conduct causal research because meeting all of the conditions (for example a probability sample when you aren't sure how many people are in the population). In these cases researchers may conduct research which is almost as good.

Quasi-experimental.

Explanation:

Quasi-experimental research maintains the manipulation of an independent variable without the subjects were randomly assigned to conditions. Nonequivalent group designs, pre-test and post-test, and interrupted time-series designs are among the important types. Quasi-experimental research removes the challenge of directionality since it requires manipulating the independent variable.

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity. enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations. social control. not everyone internalizes all of society's norms, and some people must be motivated by self-fulfillment.

fertile good for trade etc