To reduce the disruptive behavior of some children a teacher might slap the desk with a ruler to startle them. The sound of the slap is a(n) punishment.

positive.

Explanation:

While punishment aimed to decrease the likelihood of a particular unwanted behavior, positive punishment refers to the notion of adding something to the environment which would cause the behavior to eventually stop. In other words, it is the aspect of punishment which  focuses on reducing an individual's rate of any particular unwanted response.

answer; ///the (iroquois) cultures was made up of several groups, who spoke a common language

answer: musical connotation

leonard b. meyer (1918-2007) was an american composer, author and philosopher. his work emotion and meaning in music is perhaps the first major treatise on music. it is a philosophical and psychological work, greatly influenced by koffka (one of the major proponents of gestalt psychology). his work deals with the problem of musical meaning and musical communication.