Gitlow v. New York, in which the Supreme Court held that freedom of speech and of the press are fundamental liberties protected by the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states, began the development of the doctrine.

Incorporation doctrine

Explanation: The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights) are made applicable to the states through the due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

because he was a christian?

they encountered severe weather for which they were poorly prepared.