In Edward Tolman’s maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after the tenth day of the study solved the maze far more quickly that did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats:

1. Were much smarter than the other rats

2. Had already learned the maze in the first nine days

3. Had the opportunity to cheat by watching the other rats

4. Were very hungry, and therefore, learned much more quickly

had already learned the maze in the first nine days

Explanation:

Tolman's study was the usual trial-and-error learning in which he used rats as the subject. Tolman in this study discovered that some rats knew a lot more than they indicated at first with their behavior. Tolman learned that rats that wer allowed to wander the maze, even without any reinforcement, learned something from the maze, and he labelled it latent learning. It is in his study that he discovered that rats reinforced on the tenth day solved the maze quickly than those reinforced from day one, due to the fact that the rats were allowed to wander the maze and had already learned it in the first 9 days.

answer; involves both the element of performance and interpersonal interactions;

the answer is:

a. a closed question always has yes or no​ answers, whereas an open question is a​ free-response question.