Hailey thinks it doesn't matter how hard she studies for her classes. Sometimes she studies and other times she doesn't, but her grades are always the same. Soon, Hailey never studies because she doesn't see any reason to do so. Hailey is experiencing
a. latent learning
b. social learning
c. observational learning
d. learned helplessness

Learned Helplessness

This is a behavioural manifestation from efforts that haven't led to improved outcomes. It is often related to "self-eficacy" which determines one's perceived inability to change situations and a belief that it's beyond one's control to do so.

the invasive species was introduced due to commercial purpouses, as there was a demand for fur clothes and hence, a business opportunity connected to this product. actually, it was when the nutrias scaped, causing harm to the us ecosystems when they acquired the status of invasive species. in this case they have caused an environmental problem, but it could have affected also economic interests or even human health.