State and federal courts have developed a doctrine known as the , which recognizes that an informant's identity should not be disclosed during the trial for two basic reasons: disclosure may result in retaliation and harm to the informant, and confidentiality ensures a continued flow of information to the police.

doctrine of informer privilege

Explanation:

The doctrine of informer privilege is based on the notion that protects the identity of individuals, or informers, who provide the law enforcement agents with details regarding legal violations. It aimed in promoting the provision of assistance by residents to police in combating and preventing crime and Protecting informers from potential retaliation.

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the answer is d. amendments.