The doctrine of held that the major features of the surface of the earth were created by sudden, short-lived, violent events.

The correct answer to the following question will be "Catastrophism".

Explanation:

The idea that perhaps the World has been largely influenced by abrupt, close to the end-lived, tragedies, probably of magnitude nationwide, is Catastrophism.This would be opposed to modern cosmology, in which gradual incremental improvements including erosion produced all the physical attributes of the Earth.This could mean that the mountain was formed not by imperceptibly gradual improvement and erosion in a singular sudden occurrence such as from an earthquake.

Therefore, it's the right answer.

Ongoing civil wars western roman empire finally collapsed476 c.e. romulus, the last of theroman  emperors in  the west, was overthrown by the germanic leader odoacer, who became the first barbarian to rule in rome. the order that the  roman empire  had brought towestern  europe for 1000 years was no more.