To an epidemiologist studying factors that contribute to diabetes, an individual with a confirmed case of diabetes is a(n)

Determinants

Explanation:

In scientific studies, determinant refers to everything that can heavily influence the final outcome of the stud (whether it's an object or a situation)

When studying the causes of diabetes, people with confirmed cases of diabetes will provide much crucial information that can be used as data. ( such as their diets or activity).This data will be crucial to the results of the study, which is why people with confirmed cases are considered as determinants.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.

what is the question?