How does the u. s. constitution create a system that under-represents urban areas?

Because each state has two senators irrespective of population.

Explanation:

According to the U.S. Constitution, each state has two senators irrespective of population and this makes up the 100 senators for the 50 represented states. each senator is selected for six years term and the re-elections are staggered. This means that the state with the least population and the state with the most population are both equally represented in the Senate. Hence, creating a situation where the states with urban areas being underrepresented due to huge populations living in urban centers.

if im not mistaken its a. collective emotional arousal

i am pretty sure it is d.