Which best describes how social-networking sites political campaigns, especially when compared to traditional media?
a. they allow supporters to publicly criticize opponents.
b. they ensure that a campaign’s message reaches a large audience.
c. they enable campaigns to sample public opinion.
d. they facilitate clear communication.

b. They ensure that a campaign’s message reaches a large audience.

c. They enable campaigns to sample public opinion.

Explanation:

Network communities take the form of public policy, in the framework of which public opinion is formed and political decisions are made.

The ability to use modern information technology allows experienced Internet users to use social networks to form a political career. As concrete examples, one can remember the election of the President of the United States (B. Obama had the most friends on social networks).

Secondly, social networks have a number of undeniable advantages, one of which is the ease with which one can always connect in real time with any person, wherever he is. This allows the politician / government official to keep abreast of the latest news and people's reactions to events.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.