Are created so that tests are applicable to individuals from diverse groups.

To make sure that the tests are applicable to individuals from diverse groups, norms are created.

Explanation:

A certain set of predetermined norms helps in making the test valid and feasible for all at a time.These norms are usually universal and designed to potentially apply equally to everyone who wishes to take the test.Such norms help in bringing a disciplined uniformity in the results obtained from the test.

Urban growth invariably feeds increased commercialization and industrialization. it requires continually expanding land areas. when urbanization rates are high, and countries do not have the institutional and managerial capacities or economic wherewithal to manage such rapid growths, they exert intense pressure on the types and nature of the resulting settlements. they contribute to the development of overcrowded slums and shanty towns without adequate essential services and necessary infrastructure.-by asit k. biswas and cecilia tortajada