Who argued that humans are fundamentally predisposed to selfishness and "state of nature," and when unrestrained by laws, leads to chaos

Thomas Hobbes

Explanation:

He was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy.

He said that human are predisposed to selfishness because of the records of history of people all over the world that do things only for their own interest that usually results only in chaos, fear and misfortune for other people.

this null effect is caused by a weak manipulation and ineffective internal validity. in a scientific study, as the one dr. morimoto is trying to perfom, internal validity refers to the confidence placed in the cause-effect relationship and to how well an experiment is done and able to eliminate confounding variables.        

answer; substantive law;