The idea that there is a separate lower-class culture, characterized by apathy, cynicism, and mistrust of social institutions such as schools, government agencies and the police that is passed from generation to the next. the view that people in the lower class of society form a separate culture with its own values and norms that are in conflict with conventional society; the culture is self-maintaining and ongoing. this is known as

The culture is self-maintaining and ongoing is known as culture of poverty.

Culture of poverty is seen as an important aspect and theory of sociology. Its main factor is that it states that the condition of poverty of people is a vicious cycle which comes to be due to the presence of various values including the ones stated in the question, including apathy and cynicism which lead to them becoming and staying poor.

This is seen by the believers of this theory to span across generations and thus creating a separate class for these lower-class structures, making culture of poverty the correct answer.

d. i assume the underlined word is "role." reformat if it isn't.

explanation:

role is closest to part because when replacing words, "playing a vital decision," "playing a vital activity," and "playing a vital dollar" don't make logical sense. the only meaningful choice is "playing a vital part."

this fits one of merriam-webster's definitions of role: "a function or part performed especially in a particular operation or process."

answer; ratification;