In expectancy theory, valence is

a. the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome.
b. the value that expected outcomes hold for the person contemplating them.
c. any consequence resulting from performance.
d. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.
e. indirectly correlated with motivation.

D. the perceived likelihood that employees' efforts will enable them to attain their performance goals.    

Explanation:

Expectancy theory is defined as the statement that the amount of effort an individuals uses will depends on how much of the reward they are expecting to get in return.

The three main components of the expectancy theory of motivations are -- instrumentality, valence and expectancy.

Valence in the expectancy theory is the perception of the employees to work hard or make effort which will enable them to achieve their performance goals.

Hence the correct option is (D).

yes

it is because 3 because the citizen the northern democratic party watned the warning on red to blue because it is purple. lol

i believe the answer is: returns on investments, no wages

people who belong in upper class society would most likely get there by obtaining multiple source of income, which a certain percentage of ownership for businesses. since most of them are job creator, they would most likely get their money from profit, not wages.