When a number of young, gay men in new york, san francisco and los angeles began dying of a mysterious disease in the early 1980's, the public began referring to the disease as "the gay cancer," stigmatizing the disease for doctors and patients. this is an example of:

a. the medicalization of deviance

b. the social construction of the illness experience

c. the decriminalization of hiv

d. the cultural meaning of illness?

The correct answer is D. The cultural meaning of illness

Explanation:

In societies, cultural meaning refers to the ideas, definitions, beliefs, etc. people in their culture have about some aspect or situation. In the case of the cultural meaning of illness, it refers to the ideas, beliefs, etc. related to a condition or illness and that is not based on medicine but in all beliefs, personal experience, and similar.

The case presented is an example of the cultural meaning of illness because due to people observing mostly gay men die and due to their lack of knowledge they understood HIV as the "gay cancer" rather than as a sexually transmitted disease that can affect anybody which means people created ideas, beliefs, etc. about this disease that was related to the culture and also to personal beliefs or prejudice.

freeborn women in ancient rome were citizens (cives), but could not vote or hold political office. because of their limited public role, women are named less frequently than men by roman historians. but while roman women held no direct political power, those from wealthy or powerful families could and did exert influence through private negotiations. exceptional women who left an undeniable mark on history range from lucretia and claudia quinta, whose stories took on mythic significance; fierce republican-era women such as cornelia, mother of the gracchi, and fulvia, who commanded an army and issued coins bearing her image; women of the julio-claudian dynasty, most prominently livia (58 bc-ad 29), who contributed to the formation of imperial mores; and the empress helena (c.250–330 ad), a driving force in promoting christianity.

women in the ancient greek world had few rights in comparison to male citizens. unable to vote, own land, or inherit, a woman’s place was in the home and her purpose in life was the rearing of children. this, though, is a general description, and when considering the role of women in ancient greece one should remember that information regarding specific city-states is often lacking, is almost always from male authors, and only in athens can their status and role be described in any great detail. neither are we sure of the practical and everyday application of the rules and laws that have survived from antiquity. we do know that spartan women were treated somewhat differently than in other states. for example, they had to do physical training like men, were permitted to own land, and could drink wine.