1. tests both upper and lower motor pathways. the sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull instrument.
2. consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex; important in maintaining balance.
3. produces a rapid withdrawal of the body part from a painful stimulus; ipsilateral.
4. prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone.
5. produces muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to tension; the contracting muscle relaxes as its antagonist is activated.