Is the simplistic view of the people and history of the region of the middle east to east asia, with no recognition of change over time or the diversity within its many cultures.
a. orientalism
b. pluralism
c. pentecostalism
d. pan-indianism

a. Orientalism

Explanation:

Orientalism is a stereotypic view that seems to unreasonably emphasize and exaggerate how Arab people are when relating them to other cultures or people of other states such as European and the U.S.

This stereotype associate Arab culture as being unorganized or uncivilised , ancient and exotic and even harmful and scary than other cultures.

This stereotype was formed back in the times when Arabs were colonized hence European used it in order to exaggerate their self centered importance under which the countries on the East were regarded as vulnerable and incapable such that they needed to be saved by the West.

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.