Although dr. smith believes that women and men can perform equally well on a math test, she is exploring whether women perform worse on a math test when they are asked to indicate their gender prior to taking the text. dr. smith is exploring the concept of:

Dr. Smith is exploring the concept of Stereotype Threat.

Explanation:

Stereotype Threat is a psychological effect, which indicates that a person's behavior can be negatively affected if this person is asked to specify if he or she belongs to a certain social group. If this social group is identified with a particular stereotype, the person’s behavior would be negatively affected by the stereotype threat.   

Here women undergo a math test and their performance is being tested (behavior). They are asked to indicate their gender before the testing. According to the stereotype that Dr. Smith is researching, women are bed at math. Gender here indicates belonging to the social group (women) which is identified with a stereotype (being bad at math).

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