An independent-measures study uses
a. a different group of participants for each of the treatment conditions being compared
b. one individual to study andestimate population parameters
c. one group of participants to evaluate a hypothesis about one population mean
d. the same group of participants in all of the treatment conditions being compared

a. a different group of participants for each of the treatment conditions being compared

Explanation:

Independent-Measures research design: This is one of the methods of research design that utilizes multiple or various experimental groups and only one experimental group posses participants. A single participant is supposed to be in only one condition of the IV i.e the independent variable in the experiment of the independent-measures research design.

In the question above, an independent-measures study uses a different group of participants for each of the treatment conditions being compared.

1.new zealand has a large temperate climate while for north has subtropical weather during summer.

i can only answer one

permafrost layer, it exists beneath a layer of soil, rock or sediment.