Because information is expensive to acquire: a. government regulations, such as standard accounting principles, have no impact on problems such as moral hazard b. monitoring managers gives rise to costly state verification c. developing nations do not rely heavily on banks for business financing d. equity contracts are used much more frequently to raise capital than are debt contracts

even though you have attached neither the chart nor the generalizations, i have located them online. the right answer is d, since they are asking you about a generalization. you can only infer from the chart that between 2008 and 2009 the number of employed workers decreased significantly (from over 115 millions to 107 millions approximately), which signals some type of economic crisis.  

answer; not notated (at least, not in the traditional sense) and includes many improvised sections and solos;

answer; vygtosky's theory;

answer; informal criminal justice process;