Most everyone recognizes that professor williams is a great teacher and researcher and many will be sorry to see him retire at the end of this academic year. brad, on the other hand, has told people "it's about time that old relic, that geezer, retires. he's way too old to still be in the classroom." this is an example of ) polarization.2) hate speech.3) sexist language.4) static evaluation.

This is an example of a HATE SPEECH.

Explanation:

Hate speech occurs when someone use offensive words as an attack towards a certain group based on race, religion, gender identity,national origin, disability,sex,sexual orientation.

It can be written or verbal communication with negative words which are aimed at attacking certain individuals because they belong to the other groups different from that of the person who uses those hate words.

The words that the person above uses such as "old relic"geezer" shows a hate speech towards the professor because of his age.

q1: artillery

q2: simon bolivar

q3:   their workers and farmers demanded a return to spanish rule.

q4: drafted new constitutions

q5: oligarchies have replaced monarchies

the factors that the economies of the muslim empires prosper were:

1- land trade routes-located between three continents  

2- sea trade routes

trade contributed to the spread of muslim empires, and with that islamic culture led to a growing feeling of internationalism resulted in the transfer of technology, science, and other cultural forms.