Lisa is listening to her jazz music when she hears her mom yell for her to turn it down. she turns down the volume, but a few minutes later she hears her mom scream again "i thought i told you to turn that music down! ". her mothers’ inability to realize that the music had actually been turned down is likely due to:
a.

adaptation

b.

absolute threshold

c.

jnd/difference threshold

d.

transduction

JNd/difference threshold    

Explanation:

The answer is "JNd/difference threshold"

JND means Just Noticeable difference. It is also know as difference threshold.

It is the amount of anything that must be changed to detect or observe a difference. This is the smallest level of excitement that people sometimes can detect fifty percent of the time.

Thus the reason why Lisa's mother could not notice the difference in ht evolume of the music is because of the difference threshold or the Just Noticeable difference.

Thus the answer is

"JNd/difference threshold."

an informal structure in a bureaucracy would be something like so-called "office politics". where there's a formal structure set up for the organization, but then an informal subculture as well that has a way of organizing the bureaucracy further. this can be positive because it sets up an added degree of organization, albeit informal, within the bureaucracy.